The Gender Divide Between Men And Women - 1593 Words

During the Feminist Movement in the late 19th century and present day, leading women in America and all around the world have stood up for the rights of their gender in order to eradicate the social inequalities and stereotypes that have been formulated over hundreds of years to convey the impression that women are the inferior gender. This movement stimulated many ideas on the treatment and perception of women as a gender and came with progress but also with opposition. While many acknowledged the oppression toward women in society, others accepted the divide between men and women as only immutable differences and not prejudice. Although both Jamaica Kincaid, author of â€Å"Girl,† and Anna Quindlen, author of â€Å"Between the Sexes, A Great Divide,† agree that there is a great social divide between men and women, Kincaid establishes a demanding, harsh tone in her passage to demonstrate that the gender divide is absolutely unacceptable whereas Quindlen establishes a l ighter tone to demonstrate that the gender divide should just be accepted as differences rather than prejudice. Additionally, the two overlapping but contrasting ideas can be attributed to the background of the authors; Quindlen is a white American while Kincaid is Caribbean and from a poor family, thus it is safe to assume that the girl in Kincaid’s story is actually Kincaid as a little girl who was perhaps told by her mother to emulate someone like Quindlen, a white woman. Both feminists, Kincaid and QuindlenShow MoreRelatedMen And Women Working Out Together1419 Words   |  6 PagesMen and Women Working Out Together - PSA Proposal Having a video with pictures, music, and watching workouts will prove to be important and will grab the attention of anyone watching because they will be able to see the muscles, hear the music that helps describe the workouts, and viewing the workouts to come to a idea of what needs to be fixed. Pictures I would use would be men exercising cardio workouts and women exercising muscular workouts. The photos in the video will be a form of pathos becauseRead MoreEffects Of Gender Roles On Marriage1306 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction A study taken place in urban China analyzed the effects of gender roles on marriage. The study investigated the marriage rates of men versus women based on their educational attainment. By using data from the CGSS (Chinese General Social Surveys), the hypotheses were tested that college women have lower marriage rates than men, and husbands have higher education and women are younger with lower education. The study asked adults 18 years and older their age, level of education, ageRead MoreFeminism : The Main Branches Of Feminism1668 Words   |  7 PagesPatriarchy is the view that man has oppressed women depriving them of choice or freedom to such opportunities a man is able to recieve. This is a core theme of feminism and it is agreed upon by all feminists that patriarchy exists. However they maybe some disagreement on where patriarchy is rooted. Liberal feminists such as Betty Friedan rooted patriarchy in the legal and cultural sections of society. She saw the oppression coming from legislation imposed on them by men which restricted them the same rightsRead MoreBetween the Sexes, a Great Divide: Respond831 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever thought about what the sun and moon would say to each other if they were given an opportunity to communicate? In her article â€Å"Between the Sexes, A Great Divide†, Anna Quindlen shows the differences between the genders, like sun and moon, and the divide that exists between them, which starts from the first high school dance, where boys and girls are far away from each other, and all the game is about who is going to do the first move. I mainly agree with Quindlen, that â€Å"it is the danceRead MoreHow The Housework Is Divided Among Men And Women970 Words   |  4 Pageshousework is divided among men and women. Throughout the course of history, men and women have performed specific tasks. As a result, men and women have different attitudes towards housework. However, what is even more interesting is how the attitudes have changed over time. With the development of gender issues, there are large differences between the attitudes towards housework between the men and women of the Baby Boomer Generation to the attitudes between the men and women of Generation Y; the previousRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Women s Equality And Empowerment993 Words   |  4 PagesOne fundamental way in which technology is often expressed in any society is through gender. The relationship between technology and gender has been theorized through decades due to the fact that the social struggles for equality between men and women are a contemporary topical issue. Lately, there has been an increase in the strength of the women’s movement advocating matters on women’s equality and empowerment. Amongst these issues is women’s invisibility in all aspects of technology. Some individualsRead MoreEssay on Collins Theory of Intersectionality589 Words   |  3 Pagesrelationship between race , gender and class† (1990), also known as the â€Å"matrix of domination† (2000). This matrix shows that there is no one way to understand the complex nature of how gender, race and class inequalities within women’s lives can be separated; for they are intertwined within each other. Gender order according to our text is labeled as â€Å"hierarchal† (2008), stating that â€Å"Men dominate women in terms of wealth, power, and social position, but not all men dominate all women† (2008). Read MoreThe Great War, a conflict which was planted by our ancestors when they jubilantly relinquished600 Words   |  3 Pagesprimates; becoming Homosapiens (the scientifically correct term for a modern human) they engaged in a battle between the sexes, lasting a little over two millennium, never inkling the tangent of resolution, nor wandering into the vicinity of conclusion, and most probably, never will. Humanity, obsessed with the divide of genders, has even coined its own axiom: â€Å"Women are from Venus† and â€Å"Men are from Mars†, alluding to whirlwind of rampant violence, yet less woeful Romeo and Juliet-like myths of theRead MoreIdentifying The Gender Stereotype Example773 Words   |  4 PagesTo describe the gender stereotype example, I have selected advertisement from the website of coloribus. It is the advertisement of the Johnson Johnson Company to promote the Johnson baby care products. It released on June 2009. It is picturized with the woman with her baby and saying that this company’s baby products are more suitable for the small babies’ skin. I found this ad online Johnson’s baby product advertisements. I have the photo of the advertisement at the end of the writing part. AndRead MoreEnsuring Access to Higher Education938 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s modern societies one of the major concerns is to ensure increased access to higher education, and to include members of formerly under represented social groups and categories, such as women, ethnic and racial minorities as well as people who live in distant, rural disadvantaged areas or who have to combine their studies with full or part time employment. In order to accomplish this goal many institutions of higher learning have been hearten to diversify their methods of delivery. To begin

Biology Essay - 3361 Words

Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initially confessed. D) genetic testing revealed that the two murdered girls were killed by two different people. E) the DNA evidence was not convincing enough to convict the suspect. Answer: C Topic: Opening†¦show more content†¦C) is cultured inside the human cell, which contains the gene to be cloned. D) is used to insert the human gene into the bacterial chromosome. E) comes from the same organism as the gene of interest. Answer: A Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 6) DNA ligase binds A) exons together. B) polymerase to the promotor. C) nucleotides together. D) introns together. E) an intron to an exon. Answer: C Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 7) When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, A) the plasmids are inserted into the bacterial chromosome. B) the plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium. C) the bacterial chromosome is genetically engineered and the plasmid is used to help the bacterium replicate. D) the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation. E) the bacterial genome and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (perhaps the cell of a plant or animal). Answer: D Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 8) ________ are a major source of restriction enzymes. A) Chief cells B) DNA technologies C) Parietal cells D) Archaea E) BacteriaShow MoreRelatedA General Overview of Biology607 Words   |  2 PagesBiology What is Biology? 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My favorite thing that we learned about in biology was discovering the way our bodies react to differentRead MoreBiology2708 Words   |  11 PagesLaboratory Exercise #8 DNA Fingerprinting: Identification of DNA Restriction Fragmentation Patterns I. Introduction All humans have in common the coding sequences of their DNA, but, unless you are an identical twin, the non-coding sequences of your DNA are like no other person’s on the planet. The bulk of human DNA does not code for specific genes and is highly repetitive. A British geneticist, Alec Jefferies, developed laboratory techniques in 1984 that became known as DNA fingerprintingRead MoreWildlife Conservation and Biology Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesanimals as their everyday life. I should be a wildlife biologist so I can study land mammals. Wildlife biology is a field of biology in which land animals are studied. It deals with all animals with backbones and studies individual species of wildlife, their habitats, and surrounding ecosystems (Fitzgerald). It also studies how animals may interact with their ecosystem. Without wildlife biology we would not have extensive knowledge of other animal species, and how they could be linked to humans.Read MoreA Research Study On Synthetic Biology1324 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Fundamental research Synthetic biology has a lot to offer in fundamental research. Starting from the most well characterised laboratory organism, E.coli, we are still in half way from full knowledge of understanding the function of all its genes as the functions of 20% of them are still to be identified (Keseler et al., 2011). Moreover there are many more other microorganisms with great importance which are even less-well understood. Synthetic biology provides the ability to make specificRead MoreBiology Field Study Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesA general description of the area with reasons why the field study is being conducted. Geological overview Bicentennial Park which is located on the shoreline of Home bush Bay is a natural heritage site which features a vital wetland ecosystem and a large area of parkland colonized by a vast range flora and fauna. Within the park there are four communities of vegetation which are: Coastal Saltmarsh – a type of marsh that is intertidal between land and salty water, consistingRead MoreForensic Pathology, Toxicology, And Biology1077 Words   |  5 Pages Forensic science consists of a variety of fields such as in this case Forensic Pathology, Toxicology, and Biology were used to help solve the murder. Forensic Pathology was used to determine the cause of death by conducting an autopsy on the Johnson body. Coming to a conclusion, that Denise Johnson’s cause of death was due to asphyxiation (also known as strangulation)2,9. The pathology unit also determined that her death was a forced and violent death. Given the facts of how the victim died itRead MoreMarine Biology And Its Impact On Society1364 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Marine Biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine bodies of water. Marine Biologists are the examiners of this science. Marine Biologists play an important role in today’s society because 71% of the Earth is made up of water and only 5% of water on Earth has been discovered (â€Å"Ocean†). Without having these scientists in our communities today, the largest part of Earth would remain a mystery. The process of becoming a Marine Biologist is no easy task. ItRead MoreBook Summary of the Use and Abuse of Biology2361 Words   |  10 Pagesteaches. 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I believe that a doctoral degree from Icahn’s School, Mount Sinai will help me achieve my

I Am a Poet free essay sample

I am a poet. I am a poet because I believe in English. I believe in English, in the language and the subject. I believe in eternal words and I believe in Reluctance and Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening and I believe that Nothing Gold Can Stay so instead we immortalize all things golden by putting pen to paper. I am a poet. I am a poet because I like verses. I like verses that end unevenly. I like verses that end unevenly and give the poem a shape, that give the poem a form more than just ‘free verse’ or ‘ballad.’ I like verses that breathe life back into the flattened version of the trees that we write them on. I am a poet. I am a poet because I believe in words. I believe in words and phrases and metaphors and similes all coming together like bones, each letter a joint or tendon, all strung and pieced together to create something hauntingly beautiful. We will write a custom essay sample on I Am a Poet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am a poet. I am a poet because I believe in thought. I believe in thought and in genius. I believe that genius can sprout from a single moment. That at any time and in any place inspiration can strike and fill your head with thoughts you never would have thought to think of. I believe that those thoughts can grow branches and leaves and roots that ground you into the person you are supposed to become. And I believe in opening my mind as if I am the sail, letting the wind catch in the whisperings of my soul, pushing me through this ephemeral infinity we call life. I am a poet. I am a poet because I believe in imagination. I believe that imagination gives us the courage to dream and gives us the confidence to pursue those dreams the way a child pursues fireflies in the garden. I believe that imagination is freedom from the shackles of what we cannot do and ‘I can’t’ is a vague and invalid excuse created by people who stopped dreaming when they woke up. I am a poet. I am a poet because I believe in dreaming. I believe that nothing is too far out of reach. I believe in impossibility and distrust possibility because who ever got anywhere by just doing the possible. It’s only impossible until somebody proves the critics wrong and I believe that we are all somebody. I am a poet. I am a poet because I believe in beauty. I believe that life is beautiful even when it’s ugly. I believe that Beauty and Ugly are like the sun and the moon, forever chasing each other until they eclipse as the rest of the world watches in awe. As the rest of the world questions the concept of beauty as an adjective rather than a form. I am a poet. I am a poet because I believe in magic. I believe that life is a magical. I believe that life is the wizard and we are all cauldrons, bubbling to the brim with hopes and dreams and ambitions, ready to spill over into the chaotic beauty that is human existence. I am a poet. I am a poet because I am human. I am a form of life, pieced together by individual atoms. I am a portrait of scars and stories. I am flesh and bone and space and stars and moonlight. I am wind and rain and fire and sky and earth and someday I will be nothing but earth and until then, I am a poet. I am a poet because I am haunted. Haunted by memories and haunted by demons because they are memories too. And each one a shark, smelling blood in the water, coming to collect the hurt that I owe. Mercilessly banging and Banging and BANGING until I wield my pen and grant them the freedom they seek on blank pages because after all, I am a poet. I am a poet because life is my journal and I am the ink. I am the ink sinking into the paper like blood, spilling across into the words and phrases and verses running through my veins, into the words and phrases and verses I am too afraid to say. I am the scribbles running through the words that never come out right because life is not perfect, because I am only human, genetically programmed to make mistakes. And because life does not come with an eraser. I am a poet because I have known pain. I am a poet because I have also known love and because I know that love and pain are two sides of the same coin. I have known sleep filled days and sleepless nights and it’s 3am staring at the ceiling. I have known midnight drives with music so loud it drowns out my mind. I have blushed like roses in Spring and fallen like leaves in Autumn. I have known loving someone else more than myself and then learning that my first love should always be myself. I have known I love you, and I love you but I can’t do this anymore. I have known love that feels like shooting stars and planets aligning. I have also known heartbreak that feels like every bone is splintering and shattering, like a glass that falls from shaking fingers. And I have known the way tears create watercolor paintings over ink stains, but I am not a painter. I am a poet.

The Good and Bad Side of Telecommuting Essay Example Essay Example

The Good and Bad Side of Telecommuting Essay Example Paper The Good and Bad Side of Telecommuting Essay Introduction Organizations are increasingly using telecommuting as a way to increase productivity and decrease costs. Employees also see positive results from telecommuting. Research shows however that there are negative sides as well. Governmental intervention beginning in the early 1990s almost put an end to telecommuting, but after debate, telecommuting has proven stronger than expected. Telecommuting: The Good, The Bad, and The Government Parents today face increased burdens as the cost of living continues to rise. Many single parent homes are troubled with the problem of caring for their children and working at the same time. Many rely on babysitters and family members to help, but others look to the government for assistance. In any case, meeting the bills is hard enough without the cost of a babysitter. However, today there is another choice: Telecommuting has become a new way for business organizations to employ people to work out of their homes that will keep up with the more fast paced society than the earlier modes communications. There are issues to issues to be overcome with telecommuting as well, but those issues are not as costly to those involved, usually. ITAC (International Telework Association Council) defines telecommuting as a work arrangement in which employees work at any time or place that allows them to accomplish their work in an effective and efficient manner (On-Line). Most reports on telecommuting suggest that this alternative has been positively received by both employees and managers (McNerney, 1995). However, by definition, telecommuting holds positive and negative factors for both the employer and employee. The organization and the employee must review these factors to determine if this organizational workforce design is right for them. The Good and Bad Side of Telecommuting Essay Body Paragraphs According to McQuarrie, for the employee, positive factors include: reduced commuting time, reduced personal costs (travel, clothing, food), flexible working hours, greater autonomy, easiness to care for dependents (p. 82). The reduction of commuting time allows for positions in companies at such a distance that a position would not be possible without relocation. A lack of commuting is also favorable when the area surrounding the organization is susceptible to a high number of traffic problems such as congestion and multiple accidents. In areas like Los Angeles that have problems with exhaust, telecommuting offers cleaner air. According to the United States Department of Transportation and the United States General Service Administration (2000) Investments in telecommunications infrastructure that facilitate telecommuting should not only lead to . transportation benefits, but may also have a synergistic . effect on other transportation strategies . required to cope with growing traf fic congestion, urban air pollution, and national petroleum dependence (On-Line). The reduction of personal costs is favorable to the employees who see the reduction as money for other necessities. Flexible working hours offers a way to work around complicated schedules that otherwise would not be possible to work with. The freedom of telecommuting opens the employee up to new options that can be more beneficial such as mid-day exercise programs, choice of what task to perform first, community projects, volunteerism, and other civic activities. There is also an ease of caring for dependents that is not available through the conventional workplace. These dependents can range from children to elderly parents, but also, the employee may be disabled or terminally ill. In this case, telecommuting opens doors that otherwise would remain shut. The negative factors for employees include workaholism and isolation (McQuarrie p. 82). People have a need to interact frequently with others in a s table environment. Failure to maintain interactions will lead to a number of negative consequences such as anxiety, depression, and even physical ailments (Gainey, Kelley Hill p. 4). The organization experiences positive factors in the forms of higher productivity, reduced physical plant costs, selling point for new employees, and the ability to accommodate disabled or chronically ill employees (McQuarrie p. 82). The company saves the cost of office space and equipment by having an employee work at home rather than at a central office site. According to Fiona McQuarrie (1994) there is rarely any mention in the telecommuting literature of the possibility of the employer compensating the employee for home-based work by paying a portion of rent, mortgage, or utility costs (p 82). Lowered company costs enable a larger workforce that enjoys the benefits of autonomy. This in turn increases productivity both for the employer, through a larger workforce, and for the employee, due to increa sed â€Å"want to†. Another attracting factor for the increased work force comes from the selling point for new employees. The level of autonomy and other positive employee fac! tors entice new employees. The company can also reduce costs by letting the employee supply for their own special needs such as wheel chair ramps, handicapped toilets and so forth. The employee will already possess these necessities, but the company may or may not have them installed. Negative employer factors include loss of direct control and lack of a coordinated workweek. The lack of direct control is experienced through the lack of face-to-face training communication, low social contact, and lack of trust between management and employees. Only two of the various mediums of communication can be transferred electronically. It is currently technologically impossible to remotely express one’s self through body language, eye contact, and subtle meanings. Many telecommuters have expressed desire to return to their old arrangement of closer interactions with other employees. The trust level between management and telecommuters is low due to the two factions not necessarily knowing the other’s thoughts, views, and opinions. The lack of a coordinated workweek affects multiple employees because one employee’s work may depend on the completion of work by another employee. Steps have been taken by many organizations to combat the negatives for both the employer and the employee. The problems of isolation and loss of direction control have been solved by requiring the employee to commute to a central office or an organizational hub usually two days a week. This gives managers and employees direct contact and keeps the employee more in touch with the company. The problems of workaholism and lack of coordination have been met by job assignments that outline the nature of the work, the time frame of the work, and the need for completion which can be delivered during on e of the weekly commutes. These assignments serve a dual purpose of giving limits and guidelines to the employees, but also in showing the employer’s dependency on the employee. The reformation of OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) that began in 1995 brought about new questions and problems for the possibilities of telecommuting. â€Å"In a letter to a Texas based company concerning the liability for a telecommuter’s home office, it was deemed that the organization be liable for the safety of it’s telecommuters home work sites† (Kerrigan p. 63). The letter, posted on OSHA’s website, caused an eruption of contention leading to the removal of the letter from the website. â€Å"An analysis by Mark Wilson, a Heritage Foundation research fellow, shows the recent policy blunder left employers in the worst of all possible worlds — legal uncertainty† (Kerrigan p. 63). After debates between opposing sides of the issue, anothe r issue concerning the liability arose questioning the safety telecommuters’ children in terms of hazards from the workplace. Another issue arising from the OSHA’s letter is the liability of company resources. Most firms are! covered when they add the computers, fax machines and other equipment to their general policy (Hoke p. 35), but this policy does not cover home offices. After much dissention, the U. S. Department of Labor, ruled, †Employers aren’t responsible for the health and safety of white-collar telecommuters after all† (Rosencrance p. 1). After the statement by the Department of Labor, OSHA rewrote its archaic definition of ergonomics and released a new ruling for telecommuters liability. â€Å"The Occupational Safety and Health Administration will not inspect home offices and doesn’t expect employers to inspect them either†(Hoover p. 17). The new directive also gave relief to all employers for liability of the employeesâ₠¬â„¢ home offices. It continued to state, however, that OSHA would inspect home manufacturing operations when it receives complaints about serious health or safety violations or when a work-related fatality occurs (Rosencrance p. 93). The governmental â€Å"flip-flop† has left many employers leery of telecommuting, but the growth rate of telecommuters does not reflect a problem. Many new companies are taking advantage of its employees’ homes to relieve costs of physical assets. Some companies have reversed the role of the managers to a field position, allowing manager to have more face-to-face communication with employees as they travel from office to â€Å"office†. Some companies even legally accept liability of telecommuters through internal contracts and insurance. Today, the increasing rate of telecommuters is calling for the advancement of technology. This technology will lead to better and faster communication, however, it will bring its own set of problem s. What tomorrow holds for telecommuters is unclear, all we can do today is examine and adjust the good, the bad, and the government. Bibliography Bibliography Gainey, T. , Kelley, D. , Hill, J. (1999). Telecommuting’s We will write a custom essay sample on The Good and Bad Side of Telecommuting Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Good and Bad Side of Telecommuting Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Good and Bad Side of Telecommuting Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Complete List of Crucible Characters

Complete List of Crucible Characters SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Who are The Crucible characters? What do they do and when do they show up in the play? Find out in this overview of the characters in Arthur Miller's The Crucible. In this article, I'll go over each of the Cruciblecharacters by name, pinpoint which act(s) each character appears in and/or is mentioned in, and briefly describe each character and what she/he does in The Crucible. Central Cast of The Crucible To start off with, I'll discuss the seven characters in The Crucible who are integral to the plot of the drama: John Proctor, Abigail Williams, Mary Warren, Giles Corey, Rebecca Nurse, Reverend Hale, and Elizabeth Proctor. For each of these characters, you'll get an overview of their relationships with other characters in the play, a short description of their personality, and a rundown of the actions they take throughout the play. John Proctor John Proctor is the central character whom the drama of The Crucible revolves around. This primacy is helped by the fact that he has relationships with many of the other characters in the play: Proctor is husband to Elizabeth Proctor, former (adulterous) lover of Abigail Williams, employer of Mary Warren, friend of Giles Corey and Francis Nurse (and by extension their wives), and not a fan (though not precisely an enemy) of Reverend Parris. Proctor is described by Miller as â€Å"respected and even feared in Salem,† having â€Å"a sharp and biting way with hypocrites† even though he â€Å"regards himself as a kind of a fraud† (p. 19) due to his affair with Abigail Williams. Act 1: We find out that Proctor had an affair with Abigail that he says he no longer wishes to continue. Proctor is skeptical of witchcraft and of Parris's claims of persecution and leaves shortly after Reverend Hale arrives at the Parris household. Act 2: Elizabeth and John discuss the events that have been happening in Salem; Elizabeth encourages John to tell the court what Abigail told him about the girls faking it, which triggers a discussion about John's affair with Abigail and his continuing guilt about it. Over the course of the act, Proctor becomes frightened of the power the girls have with their accusations, especially once his wife is arrested for witchcraft. Act 3: Proctor goes to court to fight the charges against his wife and dispute the veracity of the girls' claims; he eventually ends up being accused of witchcraft himself. Act 4: Tormented over whether or not to confess to witchcraft to save himself, Proctor ultimately ends up tearing up his signed confession and going to the gallows with what remains of his integrity intact. For a deeper exploration of John Proctor’s character traits and actions, read our character analysis of him. Abigail Williams Also Known As: Abby Williams Abigail is the niece of Reverend Parris and the cousin of Betty Parris. She also used to work as a servant with the Proctors, before she was sent away by Elizabeth Proctor for having an affair with Elizabeth's husband John. She is friends (or at least acquaintances) with Mercy Lewis and eventually becomes the ringleader of the "afflicted" girls (i.e. the girls who accuse people of being witches). Miller describes Abigail as "seventeen...a strikingly beautiful girl, an orphan, with an endless capacity for dissembling" (p. 8); in essence, he is calling her a pretty little liar. Act 1: Abigail is accused by her uncle of dancing in the woods (possibly naked) and of being soiled; she vehemently denies this, but when he leaves Betty wakes and accuses Abigail of drinking a potion to kill Elizabeth Proctor. Eventually, Abigail manages to get out of being punished by first accusing Tituba of forcing her to drink the potion and then appearing to confess her bewitching and accusing others of witchcraft. Act 2: We find out, first via Mary Warren and then via Ezekiel Cheever, that Abigail has accused Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft. Act 3: Abigail is questioned about faking her symptoms and denounces it as a lie; she then leads the girls in a hysterical display against Mary Warren when Mary tries to discredit them and succeeds in influencing Mary to abandon her testimony. Act 4: We hear from her uncle, Reverend Parris, that Abigail has run off with Mercy Lewis and some of her uncle’s money. For more about Abigail Williams and her role in The Crucible, read our in-depth discussion of Abby, and our analysis of important Abigail Williams quotes. Me? Accuse someone of witchcraft so I could marry her husband and run off with my uncle's money when that didn't work out? Whyever would you think such a thing? Mary Warren Mary Warren is a servant to John and Elizabeth Proctor and part of the group of girls accusing people of witchcraft. Described by Miller as "seventeen, a subservient, naà ¯ve lonely girl" (p. 17), Mary is motivated both by her desire to be a part of "the great doings in the world" (p. 20) and her fears of getting in trouble (whether with Abigail or the Proctors). Act 1: Mary shows up at the Parris household to confer with Abigail and Mercy about what's going on (since they were all dancing in the woods the night before). Act 2: Mary arrives back at the Proctors' slightly more confident due to her role in the court; she brings Elizabeth a poppet she made and both the Proctors news of what has been happening in Salem and reveals that she managed to stave off one accusation of witchcraft against Elizabeth (although it turns out that after Mary left, Elizabeth was accused again). After Elizabeth is arrested and taken away, Mary is yelled at by John Proctor and told she has to testify in court about how she made the poppet, stuck a needle in it, and gave it to Elizabeth. Act 3: Mary is bullied by John Proctor into testifying how there is nothing supernatural occurring in Salem. This ends up backfiring when she is accused of sending her spirit to torment the girls; eventually, Mary accuses Proctor himself of being a witch and returns to the fold of accusers. Discover more about Mary Warren’s role in The Crucible with our character analysis of her. Giles Corey Giles Corey is husband to Martha Corey and friends with John Proctor and Francis Nurse. A cantankerous old man who has no problem suing even his friends for perceived insults, Giles is described by Miller as "a crank and a nuisance, but withal a deeply innocent and brave man" (p. 38). Act 1: Giles wanders into the Parris house to find out what’s going on. He tells Reverend Hale that he thinks it’s weird his wife Martha reads all the time and that whenever she reads, Giles has trouble praying (conveniently omitting the information that Giles has just started to go to church more regularly and so naturally would have difficulty remembering his prayers). Act 2: Giles comes to the Proctors’ house along with Francis Nurse to report that both their wives have been arrested for witchcraft; he asks Proctor’s advice for what to do Act 3: Giles storms into court to try to prove his wife isn’t a witch. He ends up being condemned for contempt of court when he won’t name the person who told him that Putnam’s daughter accused George Jacobs of being a witch in order to be able to purchase George Jacobs’ forfeited land. Act 4: We learn via Elizabeth Proctor that Giles was pressed to death (with stones on his chest) since he refused to answer the accusations against him one way or another so his property would stay in his family. For a more detailed discussion of Giles Corey and what happened to him, read our dedicated Giles Corey character analysis. Rebecca Nurse Also Known As: Goody Nurse Rebecca is married to Francis Nurse. She is friendly with everyone in Salem except for Ann Putnam, whose concerns over her daughter Ruth Rebecca kind of brushes off in Act 1. Act 1: Rebecca comes over to the Parris household and tries to calm everyone down, saying it’s probably just girls being girls and not anything supernatural. When it becomes clear that everyone else wants to go ahead with the investigation of possible witchy causes for the girls’ behavior, she departs. Act 2: The audience learns from Francis Nurse that Rebecca has been arrested for the murder of Ann Putnam’s seven children who died in infancy. Act 3: The audience learns via Hale that Rebecca has been found guilty of witchcraft in court (p. 80). Act 4: Rebecca is saddened to learn that John is going to confess to witchcraft, then uplifted when he decides not to; they both go to the gallows together. For more discussion of the function of Rebecca Nurse in the play, make sure to read our complete analysis of Rebecca Nurse in The Crucible The Crucible. Reverend John Hale Reverend Hale is an "expert" on witchcraft, called in from Beverly by Reverend Parris as a precautionary measure (in case Betty Parris's affliction is supernatural in nature). Described by Miller at the beginning of the play as "nearing forty, a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual," (p. 30), Hale changes over the course of the play from an idealist who believes he has the power to root out the Devil to a disillusioned man who realizes he has added to a hysteria and caused the deaths of innocents. Act 1: Hale appears in response to Parris’s summons. Excited to use his specialized skills to hunt out the Devil, Hale ends up (inadvertently) pressuring Tituba into confessing until she names names. Act 2: Hale comes to the Proctors to check in on them, since he’s heard some disturbing things about them (John doesn’t go to church often, Elizabeth was accused of being a witch that day, etc); he quizzes John on his commandments and is upset/shocked to hear that the girls might be faking their fits and lying to the court. He seems conflicted (â€Å"in great pain†) but still unwilling to completely accept how thoroughly he’s screwed everything up (p. 68). Act 3: Hale ineffectually tries to stop the juggernaut he has set into motion; he now realizes that witchcraft isn’t as black and white as he thought because at least some of the accusations clearly stem from ulterior motivations and there's no evidence besides hearsay for convictions†¦but it’s too late. Storms off after Proctor is ordered to jail by Danforth (p. 1), denouncing the court and what it is doing. Act 4: Hale has returned to Salem to try to get the accused witches to confess and save their lives so he can feel less guilty/accumulate less blood on his hands. He does not succeed. Reverend Hale, by the end of The Crucible. Reykjavik statue/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Elizabeth Proctor Elizabeth Proctor is married to John Proctor. Elizabeth dislikes Abigail Williams, likely due to the fact that John Proctor committed adultery with Abigail. While Miller does not give Elizabeth any specific stage direction descriptions they way he does with many of the other characters, we learn through various bits of dialogue that Elizabeth had been sick the previous winter (p. 61). Act 2: Elizabeth tries to urge her husband to go to town to tell everyone Abigail is a liar – first because it’s the right thing to do, then because she’s worried Abigail is going to accuse Elizabeth of being a witch in order to take her place in John’s life (and bed). She is disappointed that John met with Abigail alone and somehow failed to mention that detail to her, but is not allowed to defend herself because John’s internal guilt causes him to react angrily and volubly to her fears. Elizabeth accepts a poppet from Mary and tries to protect Mary from John’s wrath at Mary's having neglected her duties at home to go off to the court and accuse people of witchcraft. At the end of the act, Elizabeth is arrested and taken in after it’s revealed Abigail called her out as a witch (after Mary Warren and Hale left for the day) and she has that damning poppet with a needle stuck in it. Act 3: Elizabeth is brought into the court to confirm that Abigail Williams was dismissed from her position for sleeping with John Proctor, since John has boasted that Elizabeth never lies. In a crisis of faith, Elizabeth chooses to lie to protect her husband’s reputation; this unfortunately ends up having a negative effect as it undercuts John’s accusation that Abigail is accusing Elizabeth of being a witch in order to marry John. Act 4: Elizabeth is asked by Danforth and Hale to convince John to confess to save his life; instead, she basically just acts as a sounding board while John agonizes over what to do. She also tearfully confesses that John Proctor is the best and that she shouldn’t have judged him because only he can judge himself, and tells him that whatever he chooses is okay by her (p. 127): Do what you will. But let none be your judge. There be no higher judge under Heaven than Proctor is! Forgive me, forgive me, John- I never knew such goodness in the world! She covers her face, weeping. When Parris and Hale try to get Elizabeth to stop John after he’s torn up his confession and is on his way to the gallows, she does not, stating, â€Å"He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him!† (p. 134). Other Salem Residents in The Crucible Aside from the seven central Crucible characters listed above, there are also many other Salem residents who appear in this play. Whether they accuse others of being witches, are accused of being witches themselves, or are simply townspeople with an axe to grind against Reverend Parris, the characters below all contribute to move the action of the plot forward. Reverend Samuel Parris Reverend Parris is the father of Betty Parris, uncle of Abigail Williams, and minister of Salem. He is not portrayed in a positive light in this play, being described by Miller from the very beginning as someone who "cut a villainous path through history" who "believed he was being persecuted wherever he went." Through his actions and words, Parris "very little good to be said for him" (p. 3). Act 1: Parris is worried that Betty is sick, so he has called on Dr. Griggs for medical care and sent for Reverend Hale for spiritual care. He questions Abigail about her dancing in the woods with Betty and Tituba and discusses how he thinks there are people plotting against him and his fears about how people will perceive him if witchcraft is discovered under his roof. Act 3: Still self-important and petty, Parris accuses people who he perceives as a threat or who state they don't believe in witchcraft of lying or having "come to overthrow the court" (p. 82). Act 4: Parris asks Danforth and Hathorne to meet him in jail to discuss the dangers attendant on hanging well-respected members of the community like Rebecca Nurse and John Proctor. Parris explains that he and Hale have been praying with the convicted witches and hoping they'll confess; for Parris, this is because the people about to hang are influential and so their deaths might cause trouble for him. He also mentions that Abigail has disappeared and seems to have stolen his life savings, which prompts Danforth to call him "a brainless man" (p. 7). Parris also tells Danforth that he's been threatened as a result of his actions in the witch trials: â€Å"Tonight, when I open my door to leave my house – a dagger clattered to the ground† (p. 9), but Danforth does not seem to care. Betty Parris Betty is the ten-year-old daughter of Reverend Parris and cousin to Abigail Williams...and doesn't get much more of a character description/development than that. She is the third person in Salem to accuse people of witchcraft (after Tituba and Abby). Other than a brief time onstage in Act 3 (when she chants in unison with the rest of the witch-accusing girls), Betty is only onstage during the opening act of the play. During Act 1, Betty falls ill after dancing in the woods with Tituba and some of the other girls of the village (Abigail Williams, Mercy Lewis, Mary Warren, and Ruth Putnam). When she temporarily rouses from her stupor, Betty accuses Abigail of drinking a potion to kill Goody Proctor (p.18), before falling back into an inert state. Betty livens up again at the end of the act to chime in with her own hysterical accusations of witchcraft. Tituba In her forties, Tituba is Reverend Parris’s slave that he brought with him from Barbados. She is devoted to Betty (p. 7, p. 41) but possibly harbors some resentment against Parris that comes out in her "confession" of witchcraft (p. 44): TITUBA, in a fury: He say Mr. Parris must be kill! Mr. Parris no goodly man, Mr. Parris mean man and no gentle man, and he bid me rise out of my bed and cut your throat! They gasp. But I tell him â€Å"No! I don’t hate that man. I don’t want kill that man.† But he say, â€Å"You work for me, Tituba, and I make you free! I give you pretty dress to wear, and put you way high up in the air, and you gone fly back to Barbados!† Various townspeople (Abigail, Mrs. Putnam) seem to think that Tituba also can "conjure" spirits, which at some points it seems that Tituba herself may also believe ("Devil, him be pleasure-man in Barbados, him be singin’ and dancin’ in Barbados. It’s you folks – you riles him up ‘round here; it be too cold ‘round here for that old Boy. He freeze his soul in Massachusetts, but in Barbados he just as sweet...", p. 3). Act 1: Tituba tries to find out how "her beloved" Betty is doing, but Parris shoos her away; later, she is accused by Abigail of forcing the girls to do the Devil’s work. When pressured by Hale and Parris to confess and give the names of those who are abetting her, Tituba eventually does by naming Goody Good and Goody Osburn (the two women Putnam had previously suggested as witch candidates). Act 4: Tituba is in the jail with Sarah Good, acting as if she very much believes in the Devil. She and Goody Good are hustled out by Herrick to make way for the judges. Susanna Walcott Susanna works for Doctor Griggs and is described by Miller as "a little younger than Abigail, a nervous, hurried girl" (p. 8). Eventually, she joins in with Abigail, Betty, Mercy, and Mary as the "afflicted girls" who accuse others of witchcraft. Act 1: Susanna tells Reverend Parris that Doctor Griggs is concerned Betty’s illness is supernatural in origin (p. 9). Act 2: Susanna has become part of the group of accusers; is one of the people Mary Warren says would’ve witnessed Mary sewing the poppet in court (p. 72). Act 3: Susanna joins in with Abigail and Mercy in accusing Mary Warren of bewitching them via Mary’s bird-shaped spirit (p. 107). steve p2008/used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Mercy Lewis Mercy is a servant to the Putnams and seems to be the particular caretaker of Ruth. She also appears friendly with Abigail Williams (which makes sense, as they were dancing in the woods together) and contemptuous of Mary Warren. Mercy is described by Miller as "a fat, sly, merciless[get it, get it, because her name is MERCY yet she shows no mercy]girl of eighteen" (p. 16). Act 1: Mercy has come to the Parris house to find out what’s going on. She gets to confer with Abigail about getting their stories straight about what happened in the woods (since Mercy was apparently running around naked in the woods) before she's sent away to get Doctor Griggs for Ruth. Act 3: Mercy is one of the girls in court who accuses Mary Warren of bewitching them via Mary’s bird-shaped spirit (p. 106). Act 4: Parris says that he believes Mercy has run away with his niece, Abigail Williams (p. 6). Mrs. Ann Putnam Also Known As: Goody Putnam, Goody Ann Ann Putnam is wife to Thomas Putnam and the mother of the afflicted Ruth (who we never see onstage) and seven other dead children (who we also never see onstage - because they're dead). There appears to be some friction between her and Rebecca Nurse, possibly because Rebecca Nurse has many living children and grandchildren while Ann only has the one child; it also seems that Rebecca may have chided Ann in the past for not being up to snuff (p. 36): Let God blame me, not you, not you, Rebecca! I’ll not have you judging me any more! Miller further describes Ann as being â€Å"a twisted soul of forty-five, a death-ridden woman, haunted by dreams† (p. 12). So clearly the woman has some issues. Act 1: Ann comes to the Parris household to find out what’s going on and report that her daughter is being afflicted by something possibly supernatural. She knows that the cause of her daughter's illness is something supernatural because she sent her daughter to Tituba to find out (via supernatural means) who murdered Ann’s other seven children in infancy. Ann is ready and willing to believe any explanation for why her children died except that it was natural causes (understandable for a grieving mother). She seizes eagerly upon Tituba’s saying that Goody Osburn was a witch, saying, â€Å"I knew it! Goody Osburn were midwife to me three times. I begged you, Thomas, did I not? I begged him not to call Osburn because I feared her. My babies always shriveled in her hands!† (p. 44). Thomas Putnam Thomas Putnam is husband to Ann Putnam and father of the afflicted Ruth. Described by Miller as "a well-to-do, hard-handed landowner, near fifty" (p. 12) and "deeply embittered" with "a vindictive nature" (p. 14), Putnam has quarrels with nearly every major (male) character who appears onstage in this play. He dislikes Francis and Rebecca Nurse (since their family helped block Putnam’s candidate for minister), Reverend Parris (since he got the job instead of Putnam’s brother-in-law), John Proctor (because he is chopping down wood that Thomas Putnam believes rightfully belongs to him), and Giles Corey (because Corey accuses him of conspiring with his daughter Ruth to kill another man for his land). Act 1: Putnam urges Parris to investigate possible supernatural causes of Betty’s (and his daughter Ruth’s) ailments. Miller intimates (via stage directions) that Putnam doesn’t necessarily believe in witchcraft – he just is looking for a way to gain power and/or make Parris do something dumb that he can then exploit: â€Å"at the moment he is intent upon getting Parris, for whom he has only contempt, to move toward the abyss† (p. 14). Act 3: Putnam briefly shows up in court to say that Giles’ accusations against him are a lie (p.89). Francis Nurse Francis is the husband of accused witch Rebecca Nurse and friends with Giles Corey and John Proctor. Francis is described by Miller as "one of those men for whom both sides of the argument had to have respect," although "as he gradually paid for [the land he'd originally rented] and raised his social status, there were those who resented his rise" (p. 24). Basically, Francis is seen as a fair and upstanding citizen of Salem, although there are some who resent his social-climbing. Through one of Miller's character essays, we learn that Francis is part of the faction that opposed Thomas Putnam’s candidate for minister of Salem (p. 24), which led to bad feelings between the two families (that may have motivated the accusations of Rebecca as a witch). Act 2: Francis lets the Proctors know his wife’s in jail and charged with supernatural murder (p. 67). Act 3: Francis appears in court to present evidence of the girls’ fraud jointly with John Proctor and Giles Corey (p. 80); brings a petition signed by neighbors attesting to his wife’s good name that is then used by the court as a source for arrest warrants, much to Francis’s horror (p. 87) Sarah Good Also Known As: Goody Good The first woman to be accused of witchcraft in Salem, Sarah Good is described by Elizabeth Proctor as â€Å"Goody Good that sleeps in ditches† (p. 58). Act 1: Thomas Putnam floats her name as a possible witch (p. 43); Tituba then picks up on this priming and names her as a co-conspirator (p. 44), followed shortly by Abby (p. 45) Act 2: Mary Warren reports that Sarah Good confessed to attacking the girls supernaturally and so won’t hang; also, Sarah is pregnant at age 60. Act 4: The first (and only) time Sarah Good appears onstage is at the beginning of this act: she is hanging out with Tituba in the jail, acting a little crazy, and seeming to see the Devil. It's unclear whether she thinks the Devil is real or if she’s just playing along at this point because she doesn't have anything to lose and won't be hanged since she's confessed and is pregnant. The Court Officials Besides the general residents of Salem, The Crucible also has the characters involved in the â€Å"legal† part of the witch trials and the â€Å"justice† system. Ezekiel Cheever Cheever was originally an â€Å"honest tailor† (p. 69) but by the time of his appearance in the play (in Act 2) has become â€Å"a clerk of the court† (p. 68). Elizabeth that he "knows [John Proctor] well" (p. 50), but by the time of the trials it is clear that he is no longer held in quite as high esteem ("You'll burn for this, do you know it?", p. 69). Act 2: Cheever comes to arrest Elizabeth Proctor on orders from the court; he is convinced of her guilt when he finds a poppet with a needle stuck in it (p. 70), and isn't willing to believe other explanations for it, even though Mary Warren clearly states that she's the one who made the poppet and stuck the needle in it. Act 3: Cheever testifies about his experience with Goody Proctor and John Proctor in the previous Act (finding the poppet after Elizabeth denied keeping them, John ripping up the arrest warrant); though he prefaces his testimony with an apology to Proctor Marshal Herrick Herrick is the marshal for the court system in Salem, which is to say that he is the person sent to gather up prisoners, stop people from leaving the court and from attacking other people in the court, and lead convicted witches to be hanged. Act 2: Along with Cheever, Herrick comes to the Proctors' house to take Elizabeth Proctor away to the jail, as per orders of the court. Act 3: Herrick vouches for John Proctor’s character (p. 86) and acts as the arm of the court (he stops Proctor from attacking Abigail, stops Abigail from leaving when she’s accused of whorishness, and is asked to take Proctor and Corey to jail). Act 4: Herrick drunkenly clears Sarah Good and Tituba out of on cell of the jail to make way for the judges’ discussion with Parris and Hale. He also shepherds the prisoners (Elizabeth Proctor, John Proctor, and Rebecca Nurse) back and forth between the cells, the main room, and (ultimately) the gallows. Judge Hathorne Judge Hathorne is a Salem judge presiding over the witchcraft trials. Described by Miller in the stage directions as â€Å"a bitter, remorseless Salem judge† (p. 78), Hathorne lives up to that depiction in both word and deed – he shows no mercy to the accused witches or their families and is always willing to believe the worst of people. Judge Hathorne appears in Acts 3 and 4 of The Crucible. Act 3: Hathorne is very concerned with all civilians showing the proper respect to the court and the law (although he's less shrill about it than Parris is). Act 4: Hathorne comes to the jail to confer with Danforth; he is confused by and suspicious of why Hale is back, disapproves of Parris’s increasingly â€Å"unsteady† and wishy-washy demeanor (p. 5), and seems to think everyone is filled with â€Å"high satisfaction† (p. 7) at the hangings of the witches. Fun fact: The character of Judge Hathorne is based on the historical Hathorne who was so reviled that his descendant, author Nathaniel Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter, House of the Seven Gables), changed the spelling of his last name to avoid being associated with him. Deputy Governor Danforth At the time of the events in the play, Danforth is the Deputy Governor of the entire Province (of Massachusetts). Danforth oversees all of the court proceedings in the play as the highest legal authority. He is described by Miller as "a grave man in his sixties, of some humor and sophistication that do not, however, interfere with an exact loyalty to his position and his cause" (p. 79). While no one in the play seems to like him, exactly, he does command respect from most of the characters, at least at first - as the play continues and it becomes clear that Danforth is more concerned about procedure than justice, characters (including Giles Corey and John Proctor) vocally display their loss of respect for Danforth. Act 3: The audience first sees Danforth in his position as the presiding court judge for the witch trials. Danforth is not swayed by emotion but is swayed by the girls’ demonstrations of witchcraft (perhaps because he can see it with his own eyes, feel their clammy skin, etc). The combination of his dispassionate questioning and his belief in witchcraft means that what logically follows is him ordering the arrests of everyone who signed the petition affirming the good characters of Rebecca Nurse and Martha Corey, holding Giles in contempt of court, and ordering Proctor’s arrest. Act 4: Danforth fills the audience in on what has been going on in Salem between Acts 3 and 4. He continues to lack detectable emotions and base his decisions on legality (e.g. it wouldn’t be fair to postpone the hangings of these witches because we already hanged others) instead of morality (we should avoid killing people unless absolutely necessary and unless all other avenues have been exhausted). When he senses that John Proctor might not be entirely aboveboard in his confession, he warns that if Proctor is lying about being a witch, then he can't stop Proctor from hanging; when Proctor rips up his confession, Danforth feels no qualms about sending him to the gallows (p. 134): Hang them high over the town! Who weeps for these, weeps for corruption! He sweeps out past them. Hopkins A guard at the Salem jail who helps Herrick clear Tituba and Goody Good out of the room to make way for Danforth in Act 4. Hopkins doesn’t even get a first name, and only has one line (p.3) - he's mostly there to announce Danforth's arrival. Unseen Characters in The Crucible There are several characters in The Crucible who don’t actually show up onstage but still play an important role in the play. In one case, a character actually has more lines from offstage (Martha Corey) than another character does onstage (Hopkins), while in other cases these offstage, unseen characters are used to move along the action of the play. Martha Corey Martha Corey is the (third) wife of Giles Corey, accused of witchcraft directly by Walcott (and indirectly by Giles himself). We learn through Francis Nurse that Martha Corey is highly thought of in town - or at least, she was until she was accused of witchcraft (p. 67): ...Martha Corey, there cannot be a woman closer yet to God than Martha. While Martha never appears onstage, she is mentioned in all four acts and has three offstage lines in Act 3. Act 1: Giles first brings up his suspicions that Martha's bookishness is somehow causing him to falter at his prayers (despite the fact that he only started regularly going to church when he married her, and so "it didn't take much to make him stumble over [his prayers]" (p. 38). Act 2: Giles reports that Martha's been taken away after Walcott accuses her of bewitching his pigs; Giles explains that he didn’t mean to imply his wife was a witch because she read books (even though that is absolutely what he implied). Act 3: Martha is heard from offstage being questioned by Judge Hathorne about witchcraft at the opening of the act; later, she is mentioned as being one of two accused witches who 91 people declared their good opinion of in a petition (p. 86-87). Act 4: Martha is mentioned as one of the accused witches Hale is trying to convince to confess; later, when John Proctor asks if Martha’s confessed, Elizabeth confirms that â€Å"[s]he will not† (p. 125). Ruth Putnam The only surviving child of Thomas and Ann Putnam, Ruth, like Betty Parris, shows signs of being bewitched. According to Ruth's parents, Ruth was sent by her mother to Tituba to figure out who supernaturally murdered Ruth's seven dead infant siblings; this is no doubt the reason why Ruth "never waked this morning, but her eyes open and she walks, and hears naught, sees naught, and cannot eat" (p. 13). While she never appears onstage, Ruth (and her strange illness) is used in absentia to corroborate the presence of some supernatural evil in Salem during Act 1. Ruth is only brought up again a couple of times during the rest of the play: in Act 3, the audience learns that Ruth is said to have accused George Jacobs of being a witch (p. 89), and that she is not in the court when John Proctor brings Mary Warren to confront the other girls (p. 94). Sarah Osburn Also Known As: Goody Osburn The name of Goody Osburn first comes up in Act 1, when she is suggested by Thomas Putnam as a possible witch (p. 43). This suggestion is then corroborated by the accusations of Tituba (p. 44) and Abigail Williams (p. 45). In Act 2, we learn that Good Osburn is the first witch to be condemned to hang in Salem (p. 54). We also learn that it's not all that surprising that someone would accuse Goody Osburn of being a witch, since she is â€Å"drunk and half-witted† (p.58). George Jacobs In the first act of The Crucible, George Jacobs is named as a witch by Betty Parris (p. 45). His name briefly comes up in Act 2 as the owner of a heifer John Proctor is thinking about buying for his wife (p. 48), but it is not until Act 3 that he becomes more important. In Act 3, Giles Corey alleges that he's heard that Ruth Putnam accused George Jacobs of witchcraft because convicted witches forfeit their property, and the only person who has enough money to buy up that property just so happens to be Ruth’s father, Thomas Putnam (p. 89): ...the day [Putnam's] daughter cried out on Jacobs, he said she’d given him a fair gift of land... The accusation that Ruth had basically handed her father George Jacobs' property by accusing him of witchcraft, however, is never brought to trial because Giles refuses to reveal the name of the person who told him about Putnam's words; therefore, George Jacobs becomes the indirect cause of Giles being arrested for contempt of court (and, ultimately, pressed to death). Bridget Bishop Also Known As: Goody Bishop Bridget Bishop is a tavern proprietor in Salem (p. 4) and is the first witch named by Abigail who wasn’t also named by Tituba (p. 45). Goody Bishop's main role inThe Crucible is as a contrast to Rebecca Nurse; to illustrate how the people hanged earlier in the play were of lower moral character than those set to hang during Act 4, Parris mentions how Bridget â€Å"lived three year with Bishop before she married him† (p. 7). Doctor Griggs Doctor Griggs is mentioned in Act 1 as the man Parris has consulted with to find out what’s wrong with Betty (p. 8) and in Act 2 as the man who confirms Sarah Good is pregnant (p. 56). He's also the employer of Susanna Walcott. Other People Mentioned in The Crucible In addition to all the characters who we've previously discussed, there are also several other people mentioned over the course of the play. Some of these names are useful to know because they give context to character relationships that shape how events unfold in The Crucible (for instance, James Bayley is the brother-in-law of Putnam who was passed over for minister of Salem due to opposition by other townspeople, including Francis Nurse, which causes bad blood between the two families). Some of the other names might be useful if your teacher asks you to list off people accused of witchcraft over the course of the play, or to list people who accused others of witchcraft. Whatever the reason, if you want a list of every name mentioned in The Crucible, we're here for you: see below for the nittiest-of-the-grittiest table of all the named people in The Crucible. Name Description Citation Mr. Collins Reports seeing Betty Parris flying. p. 12 Ingersoll Owns the barn over which Betty Parris is said to have flown. p. 12 James Bayley Brother-in-law of Thomas Putnam who was prevented from becoming minister of Salem by â€Å"a faction† (including Francis Nurse family). p. 13 John Putnam Brother of Thomas Putnam who helped Thomas jail George Burroughs. p. 14 George Burroughs Minister of Salem jailed for debts he didn’t owe by Thomas and John Putnam (possibly out of spite because Burroughs became minister where Bayley wasn’t able to) p. 14 Edward Putnam Signer of the first complaint against Rebecca Nurse; brother of Thomas Putnam. p. 25 Jonathan Putnam Signer of the first complaint against Rebecca Nurse; brother of Thomas Putnam. p. 25 Goody Howe Accused of being a witch by Betty Parris. p. 45 Martha Bellows Accused of being a witch by Betty Parris. p. 45 Goody Sibber Accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams. p. 45 Alice Barrow Accused of being a witch by Betty Parris. p. 45 Goody Hawkins Accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams. p. 46 Goody Bibber Accused of being a witch by Betty Parris. p. 46 Goody Booth Accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams. p. 46 Jonathan [Proctor] Son of Elizabeth and John Proctor. Is not the person who snared the rabbit eaten for dinner by John and Elizabeth in Act 2. p. 48 Walcott Father or other relative of Susanna Walcott. Accuses Martha Corey of witchcraft against his pigs. p. 68 Judge Stoughton Judge at the Salem witch trials. p. 86 Judge Sewall Judge at the Salem witch trials. p. 86 Mr. Lewis Father of Mercy Lewis; reports he thought his daughter was staying over with Abigail Williams for a night. p. 6 Isaac Ward Drunk Salem resident hanged as a witch; John Proctor is compared favorably to him. p. 7 Goody Ballard Named by Elizabeth Proctor as someone who confessed to being a witch. p. 124 Isaiah Goodkind Named by Elizabeth Proctor as someone who confessed to being a witch. p. 124 Common Discussion Topics for The Crucible Characters Now you know all about the characters in The Crucible. But what might you be asked about them? Here are some common essay questions/discussion topics about characters in The Crucible. Practice answering them for yourself to gain a deeper understanding of the play (even if your teachers don't end up asking you these specific questions). Choose a character who you think might represent a certain "type" of person. In your essay, argue which type of person this character represents. Use evidence from the play to support your claims. Be sure to explain why Arthur Miller might have chosen to have this character represent this type of person. Compare and contrast Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams. How is each woman affected by her position in the Puritan theocracy of Salem? How do different characters serve as foils for each other (e.g. Elizabeth and Abigail, Hale and Danforth)? How do characters change throughout the play, namely John Proctor, Mary Warren, and Reverend Hale? How does John and Elizabeth Proctor’s relationship drive the play? Choose one character from The Crucible. Then, argue whether their actions throughout the drama are selfish or sacrificial. Are they heroic or villainous? Was Proctor’s decision not to confess foolish or noble? Is John Proctor a tragic hero? Is The Crucible as a whole a tragedy? How does John Proctor’s dilemma change over the course of the play? Can we fully blame Abigail for the events in the play? For more about how to write effectively about the characters of The Crucible, be sure to read our article on character analysis in The Crucible. What’s Next? Looking for specific character analyses from The Crucible? We’ve got detailed guides to John Proctor, Abigail Williams, Mary Warren, Giles Corey, and Rebecca Nurse on our blog. Want a rundown of the play's action? Then be sure to read our full plot summary of The Crucible. Are you wondering, â€Å"What themes does this play cover? Is McCarthyism somehow involved?† Find out with our discussions of The Crucible themes and McCarthyism in The Crucible! 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10 Best Alternatives to Student Loans

10 Best Alternatives to Student Loans Getting into the college of your dreams is only the first hurdle many students need to overcome. By far the most difficult part of going to college is coming up with the money to pay for it. With student loan problems splashed across every newspaper, blog and financial website in the universe, many students are beginning to explore alternatives to traditional student financing. Weve rounded up the 10 most promising alternatives. 1. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending Peer-to-peer lending, often abbreviated to P2P, is a type of private loans which takes place between two individuals, or peers. Some characterize P2P lending as the corporate worlds spin on one friend loaning another some money†. While perhaps an oversimplification, thats essentially what it is. In peer-to-peer lending there are no credit checks, bank or government involvement in the loan itself. Private lenders offer loans for a set interest rate and its conducted as a private business. The largest lending platforms in the United States are Prosper and Lending Club. 2. Work Study Programs If youre already working part-time, you may qualify for the Federal Work Study (FWS) Program. This is a fund maintained by the government to help students who work part-time and go to school full time. Applications can be submitted through your schools Student Office as well as directly through the programs website. 3. Tuition Reimbursement Many companies offer a tuition reimbursement program. These program pay students back a portion of their school tuition, but does not include fees or textbook costs. This kind of program is typically offered in companies that traditionally promote from within and have various options for career growth. 4. Scholarships You dont always need to have the best grades or crazy athletic skills to land a scholarship. Scholarships are awarded by schools, companies, organizations, clubs and churches. There are thousands of scholarships that range from a few hundred dollars and go up to $10,000 and more. Local scholarships can be found through community organizations, churches and private businesses. Check your local library, community swim team and the local businesses that support softball, baseball, football or other local teams. Have your parents ask at work – many companies offer special scholarships to the children on employees. National and international scholarships can be found easily online or with the help of a high school or college adviser. 5. Grants In contrast to scholarships, grants are typically need based and are offered through the Federal Government. These grants can be applied for directly through the student aid website of the US Government. Several grants are also available at the state level. Grants do not have to be repaid and can be applied for either once a year or, in some cases, during each quarter or semester. 7. The Military Every branch of the US Military offers a number of grants, scholarships and financial aid opportunities for active and former servicemen and women as well as the families of those soldiers. If youre willing to postpone college a few years and enlist yourself, you could easily get a free ride, no matter what your degree. As a bonus youll get plenty of hands on experience in your chosen field and a history of military service makes a great impression on resumes and in an interview. 8. AmeriCorps AmeriCorps is a program maintained by the US federal government. It aims to get people more involved with various non-profit charities, schools and other community centered organizations on both a state and national level. It could involve working with the homeless, teaching children how to read, working with at risk teens or any other kind of public service. A 12 month stint with AmeriCorps snags you a living allowance, help with housing and, once youre done, some nice Education Credits you can apply to your tuition and other education costs. 9. Cap in Hand Where do people turn to in times of trouble and need? The internet, of course! Hitting up people for small (or large) donations online is nothing new, but plenty of people never consider it when looking into ways to pay for college. From asking for financing on a specific university project through a website like Kickstarter to just taking up a page and using it to ask for donations, the internet can be a great way to raise funds. Alex Tew made history in 2005 when he set up the Million Dollar Homepage and sold ad space online for $1 per pixel in order to pay for his university education in Wiltshire, England. The ploy paid off and, in 2006, Tew grossed $1,037,000. 10. Rich Relatives or Winning the Lottery Perhaps a bit less pragmatic than our other options but, hey, if you havent seen Great Uncle Norbert for awhile, this might be a great time to catch up! Failing that, hit the Bingo haul with Grandma and dont forget to borrow one of her lucky troll dolls!

Benjamin franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Benjamin franklin - Essay Example The website ushistory.org is published by the Independence Hall Association (IHA) which is a non-profit organization in Philadelphia. All their sites are copyrighted and they give historical details of famous people and facts of history. Through this website they have projected Franklin’s struggles in early life and how he managed to get into the printing business. His endeavor and experiments as a scientist have also been portrayed apart from his interest in politics. He not only served the United States while living there but even for 18 years he lived in England as a colonial representative. This demonstrates his loyalty to his nation. The websites concentrates on the international fame that electricity and lightning brought to Franklin. This is basically a quick biography and the intended audience is high school students or first timers who are not much aware about Franklin. The website gives information that England was far ahead of America during that period although cor ruption in politics and royal circles in England did disturb him. America had strained relations even with France and Franklin was responsible for the Treaty of Paris. The second website has collected details from the Encyclopedia Britannica. This website highlights Franklin as a person, an individual, as a child, his youth, his successes and achievements and his dedication to public service. This site also highlights critics of Franklin, his contemporaries who thought he was a fraud. His early life has been mentioned but no details of his struggles as in the previous website have been given. This website also highlights him as a philanthropist who founded academies and societies for the benefit of the society. He had an early start in politics and this website gives more details of his political involvement in England. The intended audience would be the casual readers or high school children to familiarize themselves with the life and times of Franklin. The purpose of this

Compare and contrast the scientific principles of Magnetic resonance Essay

Compare and contrast the scientific principles of Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound - Essay Example However, there are similarities and differences of these radiographic techniques in terms of scientific principles behind these, by which this paper intends to explore. Transmission and Reception of Waves. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound shares their similarity in their ability to transmit their respective waves, electromagnetic and acoustic waves respectively, while receiving the signals induced by these transmitted waves. In magnetic resonance imaging, transmit coils emit radio waves to the patient, calibrated at the precessional frequency or Larmor frequency of hydrogen-1 at 42.6 MHz under a magnetic field strength of 1.5 tesla or above, generates a strong magnetic signal within the hydrogen-1 nucleus which can be detected by the receiver coils of the device1. On the other hand, in ultrasound, ultrasonic acoustic waves come from the source transducer as a result of a piezoelectric effect (conversion of electrical to sound energy), and solid objects along the watery body tissues causes an echo, which will be detected by the receiving transducer using the same piezoelectric effect (conversion of sound energy to electrical energy)2. Type of Waves. There are differences between electromagnetic waves emitted by magnetic resonance imaging and the acoustic waves of ultrasound imaging, mainly on the speed of wave travel (electromagnetic waves are faster than acoustic waves), ability to travel in an empty space (acoustic waves cannot travel in a vacuum while electromagnetic waves can), and the type of waves traveling along fluid (longitudinal and transverse in electromagnetic waves, while longitudinal only in acoustic waves), yet both electromagnetic and acoustic waves are similar to be having properties of frequencies, amplitude, intensity2. How these properties are used in both devices is also dissimilar (the frequency of electromagnetic waves in MRI is set to a standard 42.6 MHz setting, while the frequency in ultrasound is calibrated according to the de pth of penetration)1 2. Non-use of ionizing radiation. Both magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound do not utilize ionizing radiation present in x-ray, computerized tomography and fluoroscopy. In magnetic resonance imaging, the electromagnetic wave frequency of 42.6 MHz is very low to cause ionization of molecules, while acoustic waves are not a type of radiation which causes ionization of molecules even in high frequencies2. Body Temperature Elevation. Both magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound produces heat. Heat is a form if energy, which can be appreciated in thermodynamics as â€Å"internal energy† in terms of excitement of molecules. From elastic energy, while the waves are being deformed by compression and rarefaction, there is energy transformation into heat or thermal energy which can be absorbed by the system3. Waves, whether it is radio frequency electromagnetic or acoustic, has the property of intensity, which is the power output per area (I = P / A) while e nergy can be computed as power over a period of time (E = P / t). If power will be substituted, energy is equal to the product of intensity and area, divided by time (E = [I x A] / t). By this formula, it is already clear that energy is involved in waves. Assuming that the wave is at rest, the energy of a wave is its potential energy. However, if the wave is put in motion, this potential energy will be

Education reality Essay Example for Free

Education reality Essay Dealism Idealism is the metaphysical and epistemological doctrine that ideas or thoughts make up fundamental reality. Essen? ally, it is any philosophy which argues that the only thing actually knowable is consciousness (or the contents of consciousness), whereas we never can be sure that ma? er or anything in the outside world really exists. Thus, the only real things are mental en es, not physical things (which exist only in the sense that they are perceived) Progressivism Progressivist believes that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to ones educa? on. Believing that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivist centers their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abili? es of students. Progressivist teachers try making school interes? ng and useful by planning lessons that provoke curiosity. In a progressivist school, students are ac? vely learning. The students interact with one another and develop social quali? es such as coopera? on and tolerance for dierent points of view. Essen? alism It is an educa? onal philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the  tradi? onal basic subjects thoroughly and rigorously. In this philosophical school of thought, the aim is to ins? ll students with the essen? als of academic knowledge, enac? ng a back-to-basics approach. Essen? alism ensures that the accumulated wisdom of our civiliza? on as taught in the tradi? onal academic disciplines is passed on from teacher to student. Such disciplines might include Reading, Wri? ng, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Mathema? cs, Science, Art, and Music. Moreover, this tradi? onal approach is meant to train the mind, promote reasoning, and  ensure a common culture. Realism Realism, at its simplest and most general, is the view that en es of a certain type have an objec? ve reality, a reality that is completely ontologically independent of our conceptual schemes, linguis? c prac? ces, beliefs, etc. Thus, en es (including abstract concepts and universals as well as more concrete objects) have an existence independent of the act of percep? on, and independent of their names. Reconstruc? onism Social Reconstruc? onism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social ques? ons and  a quest to create a be? er society and worldwide democracy. Reconstruc? onist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of educa? on. Existen? alism It is based on the view that humans de3ne their own meaning in life, and try to make ra? onal decisions despite exis? ng in an irra? onal universe. It focuses on the ques? on of human existence, and the feeling that there is no purpose or explana? on at the core of existence. It holds that, as there is no God or any other transcendent force, the only way to counter this  nothingness (and hence to 3nd meaning in life) is by embracing existence. Pragma? sm Pragma? sm is a rejec? on of the idea that the func? on of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. Instead, pragma? sts consider thought to be a product of the interac? on between organism and environment. Thus, the func? on of thought is as an instrument or tool for predic? on, ac? on, and problem solving. Pragma? sts contend that most philosophical topics— such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are all best viewed in terms of their prac?  cal uses and successes rather than in terms of representa? ve accuracy Perennialism Believe that one should teach the things that one deems to be of everlas? ng per? nence to all people everywhere. They believe that the most important topics develop a person. Since details of fact change constantly, these cannot be the most important. Therefore, one should teach principles, not facts. Since people are human, one should teach 3rst about humans, not machines or techniques. Since people are people 3rst, and workers second if at all, one should teach liberal topics 3rst, not voca? onal topics.

Christianity Essay -- essays research papers fc

Was the Christian Savior the Messiah or is there an Alternate History? Jesus Christ! God damn it! Both are common phrases whispered to ones self or shouted aloud to the masses by both believers and unbelievers. Day after day people turn to religion and God to find answers and to seek help with there problems or for other various reasons. People turn to religion to try and make sense of a world that can often seem too stressful and meaningless, to rise above however with faith; it gives the impression of meaning. It is said He can inspire souls and compel one to engage in acts of justice and mercy in addition to promising eternal life with Him (Bahr vi). One can doubt the chances most believers know of the origin and history of there own religion. Christian believers accept Jesus Christ was the messiah; yet, one can learn history suggests an alternant truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Christian savior, Jesus, was born in Nazareth in the month of January. His mother was Mary, whose mother was Anna. On the birth of Jesus he was visited by three men from Persia on their way to Egypt. Upon the sight of the new born child the Persians gave Him gold and silver and myrrh and frankincense (Gibran 7). He grew up having a normal childhood life and was always a charitable person. In the words from the son of Zebedee, John expounded: â€Å"Some of us call Him Jesus the Christ, and some the Word, and others call him the Nazarene, and still others the son of man† (Gibran 42). The time of His birth was during the same time as when Rome ruled the world. We know that He was born in the period of Emperor Augustus. Historians concluded that if He was born when Herod the Great reigned then Jesus would be restricted to being born: â€Å"in or prior to 4 BC† (Bahr 25). The majority of the scripture written involving Jesus only takes place during th e last few years of his life with a gap of eighteen years. The bibles text describes graphic accounts of Jesus’ interactions with people and miracles he performed to believers. Some of the miracles include healing the blind and healing the paralyzed. Not only did the Christian religion give believers a moral icon to praise but also provided them a set of rules in which to help govern their lives more peacefully. In addition to guidelines for a lifestyle, Christianity gave promises to a life of eternal happiness with God in heaven. With all... ..., OK. 4 Apr. 2005 . Gibran, Kahlil. Jesus: The Son of Man. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1972. Haskins, Susan. â€Å"Saint or Sinner? The Magdalene Myth.† U.S. News and World Report: 25 27. Janzen, J. Gerald. â€Å"Jesus as Messiah.† The Christian Century 10 Aug. 1994: 762 764. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Putnam City North Lib. 4 Apr. 2005 . Knox, Skip E.L. â€Å"Medieval Europe: Early Popes.† The Development of the Papacy. 25 Apr. 2005. 25 Apr. 2005 . Lewis, Bernard. â€Å"I’m Right, You’re Wrong, Go to Hell.† The Atlantic May 2003: 36+. SIRS Researcher. ProQuest Information and Learning. Putnam City North Lib, Oklahoma City, OK. 4 Apr. 2005 . Lienhard, Joseph T. â€Å"The First Battle for the Bible.† Christian History & Biography 2003. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Putnam City North Lib. 4 Apr. 2005 . Muggeridge, Malcolm. Jesus: The Man Who Lives. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Picknett, Lynn, and Clive Prince. â€Å"A Feast for All Eyes.† U.S. News and World Report: 52. Starbird, Margaret. â€Å"The Sacred Feminine.† U.S. News and World Report: 28. Wink, Walter. â€Å"Messianic Complex.† The Christian Century 18 May 1994: 523. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Putnam City North Lib, Oklahoma City, OK. 4 Apr. 2005 .

Analyse the Strengths and Weaknesses of Spain by 1516 Essay

There were considerable differences between the Hispanic kingdoms within the Iberian peninsula. It was divided by language and religion, governed by different political institutions and ruled by monarchs with conflicting foreign interests. Both Aragon and Castile had very little in common. The economies varied in strength in different parts of Spain, for example Catalonia was in decline whilst Valencia was in the recovery stage. The marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand in 1469 dramatically changed the course of Spain. The Queen was a determined and quick-witted woman, with a ‘street-fighter’s instinct for survival’. She guaranteed privileges to nobles and town authorities, promised to restore law and order and was the only claimant with an undisputed right to the throne. Ferdinand played a role in leading Isabella’s troops against the Portuguese and French invasions and recaptured rebellious towns, all helping to stabilise the crown. His brother also aided Isabella by commanding the Hermandad meaning that although his father died, no Aragonese nobles contested the crown. Royal authority had declined during the weak rule of Henry IV and it needed to be asserted and there was also the problem of law and order (lots of disorder in Castile due to the 5 years civil war). There were still supporters of Joanna; a minority of the nobility had fought against Isabella e.g Marquis of Vienna. The Hermandad at least brought some justice to the countryside, which benefited Castilian towns as well as law-abiding landowners. Hermandades had never been controlled so extensively by the Crown, it significantly contributed to the improvements in local administration. Corregidores were also having an impact (administrators of cities and districts with both administrative and judicial powers). They were used by the Catholic Monarchs to strengthen royal authority rather than revive local responsibility Ferdinand and Isabella travelled extensively in Castile. They spent relatively little time in Aragon in his 37-year reign (7 years). This was a very important means of asserting royal authority by showing themselves to their subjects and establishing an effective working relationship with their nobility and to discipline any troublemakers. Ferdinand and Isabella visited every Castilian town at least once. Ferdinand tried to increase royal authority over Aragonese towns by trying to introduce new procedures for the election of municipal offices. His idea of sending royal governors to towns was rejected preventing royal authority encroaching. Isabella was able to have a greater effect on improving local administration than her husband. She tried to protect, by intervention, town people from impressive nobles and nominated jurados to sit on town councils. She persisted with the idea of Corregidores in towns, despite opposition, and the number of towns with them increased (Toledo for instance enjoyed a long period of peace largely due to Gomez Manrique, its Corregidore.). Their authority varied, some governed entire regions, and others had a limited impact. However, overtime they became more corrupt lowering the standards of local administration. The civil war left deep scars and required close supervision to work effectively. Both Isabella and Ferdinand dispersed justice personally. The Hermandad was unpopular and it demanded taxation on local people for its maintenance. It was officially dissolved in 1498 as nobles increasingly disliked it (didn’t want too much crown influence). The crowns political strength lay into relationship with the nobility. Ferdinand and Isabella however, due to incompatible promises in the 1470’s, were in a different situation as some families expected rewards for their role in the civil war. This often contradicted what Isabella had said about protecting the rights of the towns. Isabella decided to harness the power of the nobility and tried to regain land given out by Henry IV. Isabella and Ferdinand on a smaller scale in Aragon gave the nobles rights to collect sales tax and confirmed their exemption from direct tax. This guaranteed their social and economic position. Also nobles who had fought against Isabella in the civil war were given fair agreements such as the Marquis of Vienna in order to preserve social stability. Those on her side were awarded with for example dukedoms guaranteeing their continuing support. Although some nobles maintained control of regional politics, which was a big threat to the crown as they had no standing army, whereas most nobles kept retainers. An example of when the crown and nobility worked together to ensure the stability of the country was the Granada between 1482 and 1492. Some of the nobility actually served in the war and fought on behalf of the crown against the Muslims. The war helped to enhance royal prestige. However, outbreaks of civil disorder and violence in Castile in the early years of the sixteenth century suggest that royal administration was beginning to break down. Nobles became better educated and there was an emergence of letrados (lawyers). Most Castilian and Aragonese peasants enjoyed a period of relative prosperity, with wage rises, stable prices and plenty of employment in the countryside. Town life was changing rapidly, Castilian merchants experienced a dramatic increase in trade and commerce, which led to a growth in business and rising prosperity for those in work. However, due to an increase in population town authorities were faced with the problem of vagrancy where people wonder from place to place and don’t usually have a home. The Catholic Monarchs intended to enhance the welfare of their subjects. They maintained the Mesta’s monopoly and continued wool trade, which was high in demand in the Low Countries. Taxes on wool and sheep and the establishment of trade links with America (gold bullion), proved extremely beneficial. Maintaining the quality of Castile’s coinage and establishing a currency common to both kingdoms, monetary if not economic unity was achieved. Overseas trade was strengthened with Venice as a base, and the financial status and prosperity of Barcelona recovered from the effects of the civil war in the 1460s. However the Spanish economy had a number of weaknesses, poor communications (bad roads, mountainous), a network of internal customs duties and inland tolls and resistance to state intervention in effecting changes in agriculture, guilds and industry. Regionalism was a very powerful force and applied to the economy. There was no significant attempt to integrate the two economies, for example, trade with Americas was a Castilian monopoly (intensified hostility between two kingdoms, threat of inflation and decline in currency). The only measure that was taken was the standardisation of the currency in 1497. The Spanish Crown failed to protect and promote its native industries and focused too much on exportation of wool than developing its textile industry. Also, the persecution of the Conversos and Jews (many of them were skilled craftsmen) damaged wool trade, while the silk trade was damaged with war in Granada (mudejars were main producers of silk, many were killed while others emigrated). Spanish wealth and commercial gains from the New World could potentially fall through due to its lack of incorporation.

The Anthropology of Terrorism

Since the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, â€Å"terrorism† has been a word that every American has used daily. It has been eleven years since these attacks, and our country is still at war, and we use terms like â€Å"acts of terror† to justify our invasion of their civilian space. Personally, I do not care much for conspiracy theories, but I was interested to know a little bit more about the Islamic culture that these â€Å"terrorists† stem from. While the majority of the population of Iraq and Afghanistan are practicing Muslims, they can not all be defined as â€Å"terrorists. In all actuality, a lot of them may define Americans and other westernized countries with seemingly unlimited war powers as â€Å"terrorist† groups. There are many differences from the American view of acts of terror, the Iraqi view of acts of terror, and the view of how those who commit crimes of terror see their own actions. I think it v ery important that American civilians, especially those who are not well educated on our foreign policies and the current war situation, take time to see how Iraqi civilians and the Muslim population view the September 11 acts of terror, and the subsequent war compared to those who chose to commit these acts.I think that most would be surprised when they find that the Islamic religion does not actually promote those extensive â€Å"acts of terror† that they do not support the extremist groups like Al Quaeda, and that our presence in their civilian areas, like market places may not be necessary or productive for their day-to-day routines. In order for many people to understand these differing viewpoints on terrorism, I think it is important to focus on how different people may define an act of terror.In December of 1994, the Unite Nations General Assembly Resolution 49/60, â€Å"Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism,† describes terrorism as: â€Å"Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them. Later, in 2004 at UN Security Council Resolution 1566 a definition is given, stating acts of terror are: Criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act.The United Nations adds to the definition again in 2005 at a panel, stating the definition of terrorism as: Any act intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non- comba tants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act. (â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) The United Nations has no official definition of terrorism, because some would argue that there is no real distinction between a â€Å"terrorist† and a â€Å"freedom fighter. Therefore, the United Nation’s descriptions of the term are vague and always include that terrorism is â€Å"intimidating† or that it â€Å"provokes terror† on a group of people. The first description listed comments on the justification of these acts, which most others do not. Now, I would like to point out the differences in he definitions that are released by the Arabic Community and the united States. In 1998, the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism was implemented by the Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior and the Council of Arab Ministers of Justice in Cairo, Egyp t.They defined terrorism at this convention as: Any act or threat of violence, whatever its motives or purposes, that occurs in the advancement of an individual or collective criminal agenda and seeking to sow panic among people, causing fear by harming them, or placing their lives liberty or security in danger, or seeking to cause damage to the environment or to public or private installations or property or to occupying or seizing them, or seeking to jeopardize national resources. â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) The United States has many different definitions of terrorism in almost every government organization’s code. In Federal Criminal Code Title 18 of the United States defines terrorism and lists the crimes associated with terrorism.In Section 2331 of Chapter 113(B), defines terrorism as: †¦activities that involve violent†¦ or life-threatening acts†¦ that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State and†¦ appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and†¦(C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬  FBI definition of terrorism:The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The definition of terrorism used in the United States Army Field Manual FM 3-0, form 2001 is: The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear. It is intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies †¦ [to attain] political, religious, or ideological goals.The Dictionary of Military Terms used by the Department of Defense defines terrorism as: The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. (â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) I think the difference in the way our governments define a term that the United Nations finds so debatable shows a huge cultural difference in where the priorities for our countries lie.Obviously, since the September 11 attacks, the United States has spent an extensive amount of time coming up with more and more to add to the definition of terrorism and have worked to almost make ourselves seem like more of the victim. Our Federal Code includes mass destruction and assassination, but states that it primarily occurs within the United Stated jurisdiction. This is open to interpretation, as is all code, but it basically means that we are always the victim of acts of terror and can hardly ever be accused of committing the crime.H owever, in the FBI definition, it says that terrorism is using violence and force to coerce a government and its civilians of political and social objectives. Are we not using force and asserting ourselves on the Iraqi government, and every other government that we have been at war with? Has it not all been for a political gain? Then the military definitions add that actions can only be defined in that way if they are being committed for political, religious, or ideological reasons. However, I think that most Americans, if asked would only include religion in the definition.We have been trained to think that way, to only see terrorism as acts of Jihad, extremist Muslims. Americans, since I can remember have always been extremely proud. We are all truly blessed to come from a country that has a strong military backbone, free, accessible education, a comparably thriving economy, and the opportunity for social mobility. That being said, the majority of Americans are very ignorant and o ne-sided on a lot of political issues. Most are content with obtaining the easily accessible information from the news or internet and word of mouth.Most do not take the time to educate themselves on social issues that they comment on daily. This is why people are so opposed to those who practice Islam using their first amendment right to freedom of religion, especially in the south where most are extremely prejudiced. The news and the coverage of the September 11 attacks and the war are to blame for this phenomenon of fearing those who are different. In Packaging Terrorism: Co-opting the News for Politics and Profit, Susan Miller criticizes the way the media chooses which stories to run. â€Å"Threats, danger, fear.These words grab the attention of the readers and that’s what the media want. Your attention. Be afraid. Be very afraid. † She shows that there are many more options of global stories that our local news stations could run, but those that involve Americans or anything involving conflict in the Middle East, or even stories of al-Qaeda action in other countries, will get higher ratings as â€Å"Big Stories† over stories like the huge crisis of bombings in Mumbai in 2006, which is a place and event that Americans, in general, have no solid connection to.However, our society is also very vain, and there are even international events that are very important to us and the action in the Middle East that constantly get trumped by â€Å"larger† domestic stories. A 2006 suicide bombing of the Golden Mosque, which was close to triggering an Iraqi civil war was overshadowed by the Winter Olympics that year. A 2005 bombing was completely overshadowed by the kidnapping of Natalee Holloway in Aruba. The American people are more likely to be interested in our domestic actions than the stories of foreign events, especially when these events seem to run together and are so similar every time they are covered.One thing that is extremely co ntroversial in covering those true acts of terror is the fact that most terrorists really want the attention on them. If someone is taken hostage and taped, or there is a huge event, like the 9/11 attacks, those who commit these actions are doing so for the attention, and for the media to show these events to the public, some can argue that those who share the news are just giving them what they most desire: to have all eyes on them.There is also an opinion, however, that if this footage is shown, it will show Americans the true brutality of the people who our military is fighting against, and that it will show that there truly is a threat, encouraging Americans to further support our military and create a unifying experience that promotes patriotism. This was shown in the case of the kidnapping of reporter, Daniel Pearl in Pakistan in 2002 by al-Qaeda operative Khalid Shiekh Mohammad. The video of his execution was made available to news networks, and a portion of Pearl speaking wa s shown on CBS.The full video shows his throat being slit and his severed head held up with a voiceover speaking out against the â€Å"enemies of Islam. † After much debate of whether or not the video should be seen by the public, whether it would violate the rights of Pearl’s grieving family, and whether the American people should be allowed to be exposed to witnessing a person’s murder, Peter Kadizis and Stephen Mindich of the Boston Phoenix posted a link to the video with a note above stating, â€Å"This is the single most gruesome, horrible, despicable, and horrifying thing I’ve ever seen. . That our government and others throughout the world, who have had this tape for some time have remained silent is nothing less than an act of shame†( Moeller). While our media is the largest source of information for Americans and is the largest reason that Americans have an instilled fear of anyone of the Islamic religion, the USA Patriot Act passed in 200 1 as a response to the terrorist attacks is one of the triggers that set off this fear, and is a constant reminder of the attack.This Act was instated based on the theory that if there is a threat to national security, the public is more willing to allow for harsher policies and increased restrictions of civil liberties. The Act includes reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies' gathering of intelligence within the United States; expanded the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadened the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts.Even though support for the Patriot Act has decreased, though not dramatically (from 60% classifying it as â€Å"necessary† in 2001, to a 39% in 2006), President Barack Obama signed a four-year extension of the act to include, searches of bu siness records that would assist in an investigation undertaken to protect against international terrorism, and surveillance of â€Å"lone wolves,† individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities not linked to terrorist groups. (Borgeson, Valeri). This, eleven years later is an act that is still perfectly in tact, and is still restricting our rights.It isn’t the most invasive law, but it does hang over the heads of those who do business internationally and those who immigrated form other countries, because they are constantly under the threat of being watched and studied by the government. Since Americans have media coverage and restrictions that help to shape the idea of terrorism and the way we perceive terrorism and acts of violence, it is only logical to realize that the Iraqi people, have their own way of defining Terrorism in their country.It is important to realize, when analyzing their views, that the United States have been seen as a threatening force to them for the past eleven years by imposing on their land and declaring warfare on their former leader and having our military staying within their civilian quarters. Though Iraq has been liberated for the past five years, American troops were just recently sent home, and they are suffering from terrorist attacks against them from other outside forces as well.Most of those who practice the Islamic religion believe that warfare should only be used to suppress rebellion or to defend against imposing armies. They do not believe in starting wars, because the punishment is not in their hands, violence should only be used for protection. Yousuf Baadarani, a popular writer defending the Islamic culture, states in an interview with Asia Times states, â€Å"Since Islam forbids terrorism, than no terrorist could be labeled Islamic. He would have had to abandon the Islamic path to become a terrorist† (Abedin).Jihad is only supposed to be used to protect the Islamic religion against thos e who attack it, not to create terror in those who do not practice Islam. This counters a popular theory Americans have that all Muslims are destined to commit acts of terror and that they are instilling values that promote suicide bombings and murder of those who do not practice Islam. Al-Qaeda was born out of Osama Bin Laden’s leftover defense force he gathered together for the Saudi Kingdom, but it was rejected after they allowed US troops to use Saudi Arabia after Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.Al-Qaeda means â€Å"the basis† or â€Å"the base. † It is extremely difficult to find out the members of this organization and to figure out who is behind certain attacks. The chain of command is extremely difficult to follow. It has one goal: â€Å"to hit the West wherever and whenever it can, in order to further polarize the Muslim and Western worlds and effect an eventual victory of the Islamists, who claim leadership over the Muslim world†(Reuter).This terr orist group- and there is no debate from anyone as to whether or not they are a terrorist group- has committed too many suicide bombings and killings of innocent westerners to name. They are the group behind the infamous September 11 attacks, and are the ones who created all of the fear of terrorism in the United States. This group of people is founded on a basic principle: hate for all Westerners, and the desire to completely sever ties between those who practice Islam and Westerners.This is not a group based on jihad; the exception to the Islamic law against violence, which should only be allowed when defending the Islamic religion. It is simply a hate group against Westerners that wears a mask of religion. In conclusion, there is a lot that is not perceived correctly when it comes to the idea of terrorism. Every citizen of Iraq is not a terrorist, and neither is every member of the Muslim community. A select few extremists have ruined the reputation of a religion in the United St ates, with the help of the media and politics.I hope that every American citizen at some point realizes the difference between the terrorist attacks of September 11, and the Iraqi family that walks down the street. It is important to me and our country that people see that most Muslims do not support al-Qaeda and that the group of extremists is not practicing their religion properly. I hope that people will start to realize the importance of getting information from other sources than the popular media and that some will start to look up more information on important domestic and international events.Most of all, I hope that I have been able to properly compare viewpoints on terrorism in different parts of the world accurately. Bibliography Abedin, Mahan. â€Å"Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs. † Asia Times Online :: Asian news hub providing the latest news and analysis from Asia. N. p. , 29 Dec. 2009. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Arena, Michael P. , and Bruce A. Arrigo. The terrorist identity: explaining the terrorist threat. New York: New York University Press, 2006. Print. Baudrillard, Jean. The spirit of terrorism and requiem for the Twin Towers.London: Verso, 2002. Print. Borgeson, Kevin , and Robin Valeri. Terrorism In America. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009. Print. Moeller, Susan D.. Packaging terrorism: co-opting the news for politics and profit. Chichester, U. K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print. Reuter, Christoph. My life is a weapon: a modern history of suicide bombing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. Print. Various Definitions of Terrorism. † Department of Emergency & Military Affairs (DEMA). DEMA, n. d. Web. 5 Dec. 2012.